1. Department of Medical Education, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan;
2. Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Department of Educational Development and Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands;
3. The National Center for University Entrance Examinations, Research Division, Tokyo, Japan;
4. Center for Medical Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan;
5. The Center for Graduate Medical Education Development and Research, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan;
6. Department of Primary Care and Community Health, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan;
7. Office of Medical Education, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan;
8. Prideaux Centre for Research in Health Professions Education, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia