1. Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
2. Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
3. State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
4. Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Science, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China