1. The Civilian Labour Force and Unemployment in the Russian Federation
2. Ellman . “'The Social Costs and Consequences of the Transformation Process'”. 132 Ellman attributes surging mortality rates to alcohol consumption, stress and state failure; see Ellman, 'The Social Costs and Consequences of the Transformation Process', pp. 24-25. Cf. France Medé, Vladimir Shkolnikov, Veronique Hertaich & Jacques Vallin, 'Tendances récentes de la mortalité par cause en Russie 1965-1994', Centrede demographie et d'écologie humaine, No. 2,1996 (Moscow), Table 12, p. 65; Giovanni Andrea Cornia & Renato Paniccia, "The Transition's Population Crisis: An Econometric Investigation of Nuptiality, Fertility and Mortality in Severely Distressed Economies', MOST, 6,1996, pp. 95-129. The authors attribute the transition population crisis to growing economic instability, social stress, unfavourable expectation s about the future and inadequate policy action. Their econometric findings confirm the argument developed here, but without the comparative dimension. Russia's mortality experience during the 1990s was exceptional among former members of the CMEA. Instead of skyrocketing, mortality declined in the former GDR, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Poland and Hungary. See