1. D Hebdige, Subculture: The Meaning of Style (London: Routledge, 1988), 12–13.
2. M Chapman, Southern African Literatures (Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 2003), 328.
3. M Gwala, (ed), Black Review 1973 (Durban: Black Community Programmes, 1973), 107.
4. E Soja, Seeking Spatial Justice (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010), 42.