1. a Faculty of Education and Graduate Studies , Akita University , 1-1 Tegata gakuen-machi, Akita City , 010-8502 , Japan
2. b Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University , 11-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki , 567-0047 , Japan
3. c Department of Interdisciplinary Studies and Biology , Lakehead University , Orillia Campus, 1 Coleborne St W., Orillia , ON , L3V 7X5 , Canada
4. d Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka City University , 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka-shi , 558-8585 , Japan