1. This article is based in large part on ongoing research and writing with Arturo Santa Cruz and Peter J. Katzenstein. My sincere thanks to both for their hard work and support in those collaborative efforts, and for encouraging me to publish this part of the work separately. Thanks also for critical advice from my Dalhousie colleagues Denis Stairs and Gilbert Winham, and for helpful feedback from the two anonymous reviewers arranged byARCS. My appreciation to Brian Nicholson and Andrew Law, for valuable research assistance. I gratefully acknowledge financial support for research and conference travel related to this project provided by the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University.
2. This working definition is based on the much more detailed discussion in the introduction to Peter J. Katzenstein and Robert O. Keohane, eds.Anti-Americanism in World Politics(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007). For a similar definition, developed with specific attention to the Canadian context, see Charles F. Doran and James Patrick Sewell, “Anti-Americanism in Canada?”Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science497 (May 1988): 105–119, pp. 105–107.
3. It is important to be clear that there is a great deal of variation within each of these two main groupings. Anti-Americanism in Ontario, for example, has tended to have more to do with particular conceptions of the proper relationship between the state and society, while that in the Atlantic provinces has tended to have more to do with national sovereignty and status. The variegation is so great, in fact, that it would be easy to fill a book (or several) in tracing out all of the geographic and other “local varieties.” Moreover, because Canada is a nation of immigrants (with the exception of the Aboriginal peoples), and one which prides itself on practicing multiculturalism rather than being a “melting pot,” many first- and even second-generation Canadians' views of the United States have more to do with the historical experiences and cultural context in their respective countries of origin than with either of the two main Canadian variants.
4. Quoted in Norman Hillmer, “Are Canadians Anti-American?”Policy Options27 (July-August 2006): 63–65, p. 63.
5. S. F. Wise and Robert Craig Brown,Canada Views the United States: Nineteenth-Century Political Attitudes(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1967), p. 96.