1. This paper is a summary of “Lionel Groulx et la Franco-Américanie” (M.A. thesis, Université de Montréal, 2000), and was read at the biennial congress of the American Council for Quebec Studies at Mobile, Alabama, in October 2002. I am greatly indebted to Professor Claude Belanger of Marianopolis College and to Professor Pierre Trépanier of the Université de Montréal not only for their support of my research, but also for several years of encouragement and discussion about the intellectual history of French Canada. I would also wish to express my appreciation to the McGill Institute for the Study of Canada and to the Fonds québécois de recherche sur la société et la culture for their support of my research.
2. See in particular Yves Roby,Les Franco-Américains de la Nouvelle-Angleterre. Réves et réalités(Sillery, Quebec: Septentrion, 2000).
3. Franco-American thought was distinct in several respects. Indeed, it evolved in response to life in the cities and towns of the American Northeast and Midwest. At times, it could diverge significantly from its French Canadian parent, as was the case during both world wars, when Franco-America's elite actively supported the Selective Service Act and the expansion of America's participation in the conflicts, while French Canada's elite generally opposed conscription and sought to limit Canada's contribution to the overall war effort. See Robert G. Leblanc, “The Franco-American Response to the Conscription Crisis in Canada, 19161918,”American Review of Canadian Studies23 (1993): 343–372.
4. For a review of Groulx's thought, see Frédéric Boily,La pensée nationaliste de Lionel Groulx(Montréal: Boréal, 2003); Gérard Bouchard,Les deux chanoines. Contradiction et ambivalence dans la pensée de Lionel Groulx(Montréal: Boréal, 2003); Jean-Pierre Gaboury,Le nationalisme de Lionel Groulx. Aspects idéologiques(Ottawa: Éditions de I'Université d'Ottawa, 1970); Lionel Groulx,Abbé Groulx: Variations on a Nationalist Theme, ed. and trans. by Susan Mann Trofimenkoff (Vancouver: Copp Clark, 1973); P.M. Senese, “Catholique d'abord: Catholicism and Nationalism in the Thought of Lionel Groulx,”Canadian Historical Review60 (1979): 154–177; Susan Mann Trofimenkoff,Action française: French Canadian Nationalism in the Twenties(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975).
5. Groulx's attitude towards and relationship with the various French-language minorities of North America is examined in D.C. Bélanger, “Lionel Groulx et la Franco-Américanie,” Michel Bock, “Lionel Groulx, les minorités françaises et la construction de l'identité canadienne-française. Étude d'histoire intellectuelle” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Ottawa, 2002), and id. “'Le Québec a charge d'[acaron]me':L'Action françaisede Montréal et les minorités françises (1917–1928),”Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française54 (2001): 345–384.