1. DNA fingerprints from fingerprints
2. Although at 4 loci
3. R v Karger. 2001. SASC 64 per Mullighan J, andR v Gallagher‘2001’ NSWSC (per Ban J). In particular, the argument that the validity of the test has not been capable of external evaluation by reason of the refusal of the Perkin Elmer Corporation to disclose the results of key evaluation studies, and of the DNA structures of the primers which are used, has not found favour. In that regard the reproductability of the system and the reliability of the tests has been established through collaborative trials and proficiency tests