1. Center for Emergency Care Policy and Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
2. Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
3. School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
4. Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
5. Department of Health Management and Policy, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
6. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
7. Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA