1. Though the term ‘State’ is used in popular (and scholarly) writing and there are some instances of official use, it has an uncertain legal meaning in New Zealand except as a synonym for the Crown: S Goldfinch ‘The State’ in R Miller (ed)New Zealand Government and Politics(OUP Auckland 2001).
2. J Warhurst ‘Nationalism and Republicanism in Australia: The Evolution of Institutions, Citizenship and Symbols’ (1993) 28 Australian J of Political Science 100; R CollinsWeberian Sociological Theory(CUP Cambridge 1986).
3. However, it had also been said, in the 19th century, that Great Britain already effectively had a republican form of government: ‘Our Monarchy is only a pretence. & only a supernumerary in the pageant’: ‘The Royalty of the Republic’ (1851) 1 The English Republic 355, 355–56. Parallels to this may be seen in Australia: B Galligan ‘Regularising the Australian Republic’ (1993) 28 Australian J of Political Science 56. Even Bagehot emphasized the republican nature of the Constitution, but he laid greater weight on the symbolic role of the Crown: W Bagehot ‘The English Constitution’ in N St John-Stevas (ed)The Collected Works of Walter Bagehot(The Economist London 1974) vol 5.
4. The actual meaning of this term is unclear, and seems perhaps to relate more to self-management than to sovereignty in the 19th century European sense: Interview with Sir Douglas Graham, former Minister in Charge of Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations (Auckland 24 November 1999).
5. W Wade ‘The Crown, Ministers and Officials: Legal Status and Liability’ in M Sunkin and S Payne (eds)The Nature of the Crown: A Legal and Political Analysis(OUP Oxford 1999).