1. South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality (CHQ), Columbia, SC, USA
2. University of South Carolina Big Data Health Science Center, Columbia, SC, USA
3. Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
4. Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
5. Department of Emergency Medicine, Department of Informatics, Institute for Prediction Technology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA