1. Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Ministry of Education of PRC), Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
2. Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
3. State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
4. Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
5. School of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
6. The Department of Land Surveying and Geo‐Informatics, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China