1. “Ethical” and “moral” are used interchangeably throughout.
2. Donagan, Alan. 1977.The Theory of Morality, 172–209. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Donagan's discussion of a common morality that dissolves “dirty-hands” dilemmas and Bok's works on lying and secrecy are examples; Bok, Sissela. Lying: Moral Choices in Public and Private Life, Random House, New York, 1978, and Secrets: On the Ethics of Concealment and Revelation, Pantheon Books, New York, 1982