1. David C. Hoffman (Ph.D., University of Iowa , 2000) is Assistant Professor in the School of Public Affairs, Baruch College, CUNY ,. Earlier versions of this manuscript were given at the National Communication Association conference in San Antonio in November, 2006, and at the conference of the Eastern Communication Association in Pittsburgh in May of 2008. This work was supported (in part) by a grant from The City University of New York PSC-CUNY Research Award Program.