1. Marx's acknowledgment that ideology is employed by capitalism to further mystify its exploitive nature attests to his recognition of the relationship between the system and lifeworld in modernity. Cf.The German Ideology(Marx and Engels, 1947).
2. Against those who equate the end of ideology with the end of modernity, Eagleton (1991) argues that:three key doctrines of postmodernist thought have conspired to discredit the classical concept of ideology. The first of these doctrines turns on a rejection of the notion of representation—in fact, a rejection of an empiricist model of representation, in which the representational baby has been thrown out with the empiricist bathwater. The second revolves on an epistemological scepticism which would hold that the very act of identifying any form of consciousness as ideological entails some untenable notion of absolute truth. Since the latter idea attracts few devotees these days, the former is thought to crumble in its wake. We cannot identify Pol Pot a Stalinist bigot since this would imply some metaphysical certitude about what not being a Stalinist bigot would involve. The third doctrine concerns a reformulation of the relations between rationality, interests and power, along roughly neo-Nietzschean lines, which is thought to render the whole concept of ideology redundant. Taken together, these three theses have been thought by some enough to dispose of the whole question of ideology, at exactly the historical moment when Muslim demonstrators beat their forehead till the blood runs, and American farmhands anticipate being swept imminently up into heaven, Cadillac and all. (Eagleton, 1991: xi–xii)
3. Agger, B. (1990).The Decline of Discourse: Reading, writing, and resistance in postmodern capitalism, New York: Falmer Press
4. Apple, M. (1986).Teachers and Texts: A political economy of class and gender relations in education, New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul
5. Barrett, W. (1979).The Illusion of Technique: A search for meaning in a technological civilization, New York: Anchor/Doubleday