1. Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
2. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
3. Laboratory of Steel Structures, LUT University, Lappeenranta, Finland
4. Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
5. Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK