1. Department of Civil Engineering, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79-5, Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
2. Renewal & Construction Bureau Metropolitan Expressway Company Limited, 2-2-1 Kandanishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0054 Japan
3. Department of Engineering & Construction, School of Architecture, Computing & Engineering, University of East London, Docklands Campus, 4-6 University Way, London, E16 2RD, UK