1. Ruth Leger Sivard, World Military and Social Expenditures 1985 (Washington, D.C.: World Priorities, 1986), pp. 9–11.
2. Economic consequences of the Iraq‐Iran war
3. Estimates by the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, 1985 (Washington, D.C.: ACDA, 1985), pp. 108–9 are $3.7 billion for Iran and $15 billion for Iraq between 1980 and 1983. The only other source is the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, which collects data on major weapons only. Its totals for 1981–1985 for Iran are $1.9 billion and for Iraq $15 billion. Major weapons trade represents about one-half of total arms trade. Both sources probably seriously underestimate Iranian imports, since much of it is clandestine.
4. Joachim Krause, Sowjetische Militärhilfepolitik gegenüber Entwicklungsländern (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1985), pp. 392–97.
5. Anthony Cordesman, The Gulf and the Search for Strategic Stability (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1984), pp. 889–93.