1. a Department of Economics , University of Toledo , Toledo, OH 43606, USA
2. b Office of Regulations, Policy and Social Science , Food and Drug Administration , College Park, MD 20740, USA
3. c School of Public Finance and Public Policy , Central University of Finance and Economics , Beijing, 100011 China
4. d CUNY Institute for Demographic Research, School of Public Affairs, Baruch College, The City University of New York , New York, NY 10010, USA