1. Michael Schudson, Discovering the News: A Social History at American Newspapers (New York: Basic Books, 1978), pp. 152–53.
2. Theodora Penny Martin, The Sound of Our Own Voices: 1860–1910 (Beacon Press: Boston, 1987), p. 48.
3. Burton J. Biedstein, The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America (New York: Norton & Co., 1976), p. 39.
4. Frank Luther Mott, A History of American Magazines, 1885–1905, vol. IV (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957), p. 549.
5. Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: 1690–1960 (New York: Macmillan, 1962), p. 547.