1. The research for this article is part of a project on the history of private academies for Chinese learning (kangaku juku) in Meiji Japan. I thank the Japan Foundation, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the British Academy and the Canon Foundation Europe for supporting fieldwork for this project. Names are given in Japanese order with the surname first; persons will be referred to by their surnames. Some sources give Miwada's name as Miwata, but in answer to my enquiries at Miwada's school, I was informed that Miwada is correct. In the references, where no place of publication has been given, it is Tokyo
2. Mizue FujiiAtomi Kakei sensei jitsuden. Hana no shitamichi1919 217 (Atomi Kakeiden hensan iinkai, Atomi gakuen)