1. Certainly, married women played formative roles in the moderate women's movement. But in leadership positions among the main professional associations, the most visible moderate activists were unmarried women. Lange (1848-1930) was the most prominent moderate of her time; Salomon (1872-1948) was known as the mother of professional social work for German women; Lange's companion, Bäumer (1873-1954), was a key leader of the early twentieth-century women's movement; and Pappritz (1861-1939) campaigned for the abolition of prostitution
2. For a discussion of the perception of a demographic crisis regarding numbers of unwed women, see DollardCatherine The Female Surplus: constructing the unmarried woman in Imperial Germany, 1871-1914 University of North Carolina20002442PhD dissertation, The perception of a female surplus was based less on demography and more on anxieties about increasing urbanization, economic upheaval and changing gender roles
3. For a discussion of historiography regarding moderate versus radical German feminism, see QuataertJeanWriting the History of Women and Gender in Imperial Germany Society, Culture, and the State in Germany, 1870-1930 EleyGeoffUniversity of Michigan Press.Ann Arbor19975155
4. Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine (hereafter BDF) (1898) Was die Frauenbewegung für die Frauen will, Helene Lange Archiv, Landesarchiv Berlin (hereafter HLA); Papers of the BDF, Karton 54, Mappe 245
5. LangeHelene Fünfzig Jahre Frauenbewegung W. MoeserBerlin1915cited in LangeHelene Lebenserinnerungen F.A. Herbig.Berlin1930103