1. Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
2. Wilder School of Government & Public Affairs, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
3. Social Science Research Center, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
4. Department of Sociology and Center for Peace Studies and Violence Prevention, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
5. Department of Sociology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA