Applying three decades of research to mitigate the impacts of hemlock woolly adelgid on Ontario’s forests

Author:

Parker William C.1,Derry Victoria2,Elliott Ken A.3,MacQuarrie Chris J.K.2,Reed Sharon1

Affiliation:

1. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Forest Research and Monitoring Section, 1235 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada P6A 2E5

2. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street E, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada P6A 2E5

3. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Integration Branch, 300 Water St., Peterborough, ON, Canada K9J 8M5

Abstract

Over the past 70 years, the introduced, invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) has become established and caused considerable decline and mortality of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) across much of the tree’s natural range. Hemlock is a foundation tree species with little inherent resistance to this exotic species and infestation by this sap-feeding insect results in progressive crown decline and tree mortality within 4 to 15 years. Continued climate warming favours the spread of this insect to Ontario and other areas at the northern edge of hemlock’s range. More than 30 years of basic and applied research directed towards control and mitigation of damage by this insect indicates that the rate of development of hemlock decline and mortality depends on climate, site, and stand factors that affect both insect performance and hemlock vigour. Here we synthesize these research findings to provide science-based management recommendations to (1) increase the resilience of Ontario’s hemlock forest resource to this insect before it spreads, (2) mitigate hemlock woolly adelgid damage once it gets established, and (3) facilitate degraded hemlock forest restoration.

Publisher

Canadian Institute of Forestry

Subject

Forestry

Reference244 articles.

1. Summer Air Temperatures as a Factor Affecting Net Photosynthesis and Distribution of Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L. (Carriere)) in Southwestern Wisconsin

2. Loss of a foundation forest species due to an exotic invader impacts terrestrial arthropod communities

3. A 20-year experiment on the effects of deer and hare on eastern hemlock regeneration

4. Diversity and forest productivity in a changing climate

5. Anderson, H.W. 1990. Hemlock: Its ecology and management. In: B. Naylor and L. Thompson (eds.). Regenerating Conifer Cover in Deer Yards, pp. 62–86. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Central Ontario Forest Technology Development Unit, North Bay, ON. COFTDU Rep. No. 28.

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