Energy Aware Deployment Method in Heterogeneous Farmland WSN

Abstract

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Farmland environment has influence on the signal propagation of </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">wireless sensor network (WSN)</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">. The network coverage and connectivity performances largely depend on the </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">deployment</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> method. In order to prolong the network lifespan, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">renewable</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> energy was introduced to a part of the network nodes due to the cost issue. An improved energy aware deployment method is proposed in this paper. The aim of the paper is to </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">maximize </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">the network lifespan,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">lower the network cots, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">increase the energy utilization</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">renewable energy nodes</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> and balance the residual energy of the battery-power nodes. An energy consumption model was established in the consideration of deployment constraints over network coverage, connectivity, and stability. An </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">improved particle swarm optimization (PSO)</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> algorithm was designed to optimize the performance of the network model. A </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">penalty function</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> was included to resolve the problem which contain both </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">continuous and discrete variables</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The number of renewable nodes with the best cost-lifespan ratio was concluded. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">simulation </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">results demonstrate that the </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">propose method </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">increase</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">s the renewable energy </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">utilization</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> when the renewable energy source is good. Also the network keeps </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">stab</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">le when the renewable energy source is off. The overall </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">energy consumption of </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">battery</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> nodes</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> were </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">reduce</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">d</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> and balance</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">d. Therefore, the proposed deploy method prolong the </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">network life</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">span.</span>