The Changing Firm and Country Boundaries of US Manufacturers in Global Value Chains

Author:

Fort Teresa C.1

Affiliation:

1. Teresa C. Fort is an Associate Professor of Business Administration, Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. She is a Faculty Research Fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and an Affiliate at the Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, United Kingdom. Her email address is .

Abstract

This paper documents how US firms organize goods production across firm and country boundaries. Most US firms that perform physical transformation tasks in-house using foreign manufacturing plants in 2007 also own US manufacturing plants; moreover, manufacturing comprises their main domestic activity. By contrast, “factoryless goods producers” outsource all physical transformation tasks to arm's-length contractors, focusing their in-house efforts on design and marketing. This dis tinct firm type is missing from standard analyses of manufacturing, growing in importance, and increasingly reliant on foreign suppliers. Physical transformation “within-the-firm” thus coincides with substantial physical transformation “within-the-country ,” whereas its performance “outside-the-firm” often also implies “outside-the-country.” Despite these differences, factoryless goods producers and firms with foreign and domestic manufacturing plants both employ relatively high shares of US knowledge workers. These patterns call for new models and data to capture the potential for foreign production to support domestic innovation, which US firms leverage around the world.

Publisher

American Economic Association

Subject

Economics and Econometrics,Economics and Econometrics

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