1. Claudia D. Goldin and Frank D. Lewis, “The Economic Cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and Implications,” Journal of Economic History 35 (1975), pp. 299–326; Jeremy Atack and Peter Passell, A New Economic View of American History, 2nd ed. (New York, 1994), pp. 360–363.
2. James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (Oxford, 1988), pp. 442–450; Heather Cox Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War (Cambridge, Mass., 1997), pp. 66–138.
3. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pp. 437–442. One scholar has even used the term “full-blown State socialism” to describe the Confederate government’s increasing economic intervention during the war; Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, “The Civil War and Reconstruction,” Price Fishback et al., Government and the American Economy: A New History (Chicago, 2007), p. 208.
4. Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, The Rise of American Civilization Vol. 2: The Industrial Era (New York, 1927); Louis M. Hacker, The Triumph of American Capitalism: The Development of Forces in American History to the End of the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1940).
5. Atack and Passell, A New Economic View, pp. 360–363.