1. J. Basdevant, Dictionnair De La Terminologie Du Droit International, 1960, p. 237.
2. Yu Binhua, International Law Vol. 1, China University of Political Science and Law Press: 1997, p. 236.
3. Yehuda Blum, Historic Titles in International Law. The Hague: Matinus Nijhoff, 1965, pp. 247–248.
4. Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of English Navy (eds.), Guidance for the South China Seas, 1923, Vol. 3.
5. Lin Chunsheng, The Geography of the Islands Occupied by Frence in the South China Sea, printed in Monthly Fang Zhi, Vol. 7, Period 4, April 1934.