1. Atwell, William. 1998. Ming China and Emerging World Economy, c. 1470–1650. In: Cambridge History of China, Vol. 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, pt. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Banno, Masataka 坂野正高. 1973. Kindai Chūgoku seiji gaikōshi: Vasuko da Gama kara goshi undō made 近代中国政治外交史:ヴァスコ・ダ・ガマから五四運動まで. Tokyo daigaku shuppankai.
3. Boxer, Charles R. 1959. The Great Ship from Amacon: Annals of Macao and Old Japan Trade, 1555–1640. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Historicos Ultramarinos.
4. Chao, Zhongchen 晁中辰. 2005. Mingdai haijin yu haiwai maoyi 明代海禁與海外貿易. Beijing: Renmin chupanshe.
5. Danjō, Hiroshi 檀上寛. 1997. Minsho no kaikin to chōkō: Minchō sensei sihai no rikai ni yosete 明初の海禁と朝貢:明朝専制支配の理解に寄せて. In: Min Shin Jidaishi no kihon mondai 明清時代史の基本問題, ed. Mori Masao 森正夫 et al. Tokyo: Tokyo Kyūko shoin.