1. Solez K, Axelsen RA, Benediktsson H, Burdick JF, Cohen AH, Colvin RB, Croker BP, Droz D, Dunnill MS, Halloran PF, et al. International standardization of criteria for the histologic diagnosis of renal allograft rejection: the Banff working classification of kidney transplant pathology. Kidney Int. 1993;44:411–22.
2. Chen S, Guo H. Pathophysiology. Beijing: People’s Health Publishing House; 2009.
3. Grimm PC, McKenna R, Nickerson P, Russell ME, Gough J, Gospodarek E, Liu B, Jeffery J, Rush DN. Clinical rejection is distinguished from subclinical rejection by increased infiltration by a population of activated macrophages. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10:1582–9.
4. Rush D, Nickerson P, Gough J, McKenna R, Grimm P, Cheang M, Trpkov K, Solez K, Jeffery J. Beneficial effects of treatment of early subclinical rejection: a randomized study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9:2129–34.
5. Lin Y, Kirby JA, Browell DA, Morley AR, Shenton BK, Proud G, Taylor RM. Renal allograft rejection: expression and function of VCAM-1 on tubular epithelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 1993;92(1):145–51.