1. A. Doak Barnett, Uncertain Passage: China’s Transition to the Post-Mao Era, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1974, Chapter 1.
2. Alexander Eckstein, “Economic Development and Political Change in Communist System,” in World Politics, 22, July 1970.
3. Avery Goldstein, From Bandwagon to Balance-of-Power Politics: Structural Constraints and Politics in China, 1949–1978, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991, p. 115–116.
4. Bernard S. Silberman, Cages of Reason: The Rise of the Rational State in France, Japan, the United States, and Great Britain, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1993, p. 55.
5. Carol Lee Hamrin, China and the Challenge of the Future: Changing Political Patterns, Boulder, San Francisco & London: Westview Press, 1990, p. 1–3.