1. In U.S. terminology jurisdiction is also called judicial or adjudicative jurisdiction. Judicial jurisdiction is the power to adjudicate and means that a state may exercise jurisdiction through its court with respect to a person or thing. As opposed to legislative jurisdiction or ‘jurisdiction to prescribe’ or jurisdiction to ‘enforce’. See Restatement of the Law (Third) of Foreign Relations Law of the United States [hereafter 3rd Restatement of Foreign Relations], § 401; G. Born and P. Rutledge, International Civil Litigation in United States Courts (2007), at 1; P. Borchers, ‘Flexibility and Predictability: The Emergence of Near-Universal Choice of Law Principles’, in Balancing of Interests Liber Amicorum Peter Hay zum 70. Geburtstag (2005), 49–53, at 57; P. Hay, R. Weintraub et al., Conflict of Laws: Cases and Materials (2004), at 36. The term ‘competency’ in U.S. jurisdiction law refers to jurisdiction between different types of courts in the same state. See for a complete overview of these ‘venue’ rules, A. Mirandes, La compétence inter-etatique et internationale des tribunaux en droit des Etats-Unis (2002), at 16–18; R.C. Casad and W.M. Richman, Jurisdiction in Civil Actions (1998), Vol. 1, at 14–20.
2. The Supremacy clause of Art. VI of the U.S. Constitution states: ‘This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States... shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby...’. Restatement of the Law (Second) of Judgments [hereafter 2nd Restatement of Judgments], Introductory Note and § 4, comment b. R. Weintraub, Commentary on the Conflict of Laws (2006), § 4.1, at 119.
3. A. Lowenfeld, International Litigation and Arbitration (2006), at 176; E. Scoles, P. Hay et al., Conflict of Laws (2004), § 5.14, at 320; H. Schack, Jurisdictional Minimum Contacts Scrutinized: interstaatliche und internationale Zustandigkeit U.S.-amerikanischer Gerichte (1983), at 1–3.
4. See Weintraub, Commentary, § 4.7, at 146 and 159.
5. Weintraub, Commentary, § 4.1, at 119.