1. On the origins of international criminal law, see M.C. Bassiouni, in M.C. Bassiouni (ed.), International Criminal Law, Vol. 3, 2nd, edn. (1999), pp. 31 et seq.; A. Cassese, International Criminal Law, 2nd, edn. (2008), pp. 3 et seq.; see also H. Ahlbrecht, Geschichte der völkerrechtlichen Strafgerichtsbarkeit im 20. Jahrhundert, (1999), pp. 19 et seq.; H.-H. Jescheck, Die Verantwortlichkeit der Staatsorgane nach Völkerstrafrecht, (1952), pp. 19 et seq.; F. Neubacher, Kriminologische Grundlagen einer internationalen Strafgerichtsbarkeit, (2005), pp. 256 et seq.
2. For further details, see marginal nos. 56 et seq., and marginal nos. 232 et seq.
3. 11 Martens Nouveau Recueil Général de Traités, ser. 3 (1923), pp. 323 et seq. For greater detail, see M.C. Bassiouni, in M.C. Bassiouni (ed.), International Criminal Law, Vol. 3, 2nd, edn. (1999), pp. 33 et seq.; W. Schwengler, Versailler Vertrag und Auslieferungsfrage, (1982), pp. 71 et seq.; D. von Selle, Zeitschrift für Neuere Rechtsgeschichte, (1997), pp. 193 et seq.; J.F. Willis, Prologue to Nuremberg, (1982), pp. 65 et seq. During the war, a number of trials of German soldiers had already taken place before Allied military courts in which the “Law of Nations” had been applied on the basis of the territoriality and personality principles, see T.L.H. McCormack, in T.L.H. McCormack and G.J. Simpson (eds.), The Law of War Crimes, (1997), p. 31 and p. 44.
4. See Versailles Treaty, Art. 227 (1).
5. See Versailles Treaty, Art. 227 (2). The Court itself was to have five judges, of which one each would be appointed by the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan.