1. R v. Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet Ugarte, United Kingdom, House of Lords Judgment of 24 March 1999 [1999] 2 All ER 97 (referred to as ‘Pinochet III’ in the text).
2. Arrest Warrant of April 11th 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), Judgment, Merits, 41 ILM 536 (2002) (hereafter, Arrest Warrant case).
3. Andrew Clapham, “National Action Challenged: Sovereignty, Immunity and Universal Jurisdiction before the International Court of Justice”, in Mark Lattimer and Philippe Sands QC (eds.), Justice for Crimes Against Humanity (Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2003), at 312.
4. See Sir Arthur Watts, “The Legal Position in International Law of Heads of States, Heads of Governments and Foreign Ministers”, 247 RdC-III 52 (1994), noting that this is an area of law ‘which is in many respects still unsettled, and on which limited state practice casts an uneven light.’
5. Bryan A. Garner, Black’s Law Dictionary, 8th edn. (St. Paul, Minn: West Group, 2004), at 765.