1. On the topic of proliferation/multiplication, see generally C. Brown, A Common Law of International Adjudication (2007);
2. T. Treves, ‘Judicial Lawmaking in an Era of “Proliferation” of International Courts and Tribunals: Development or Fragmentation of International Law?’, in Wolfrum and Röben (Developments), supra note 255, at 587–620; P.S. Rao, ‘Multiple International Judicial Forums: A Reflection of the Growing Strength of International Law or Its Fragmentation?’, 25 Michigan Journal of International Law (2004) 929; F. Pocar, ‘The Proliferation of International Criminal Courts and Tribunals: A Necessity in the Current International Community’, 2 JICJ (2004) 304; L. Reed, ‘Great Expectations: Where Does the Proliferation of International Dispute Resolution Tribunals Leave International Law?’, 96 American Society of International Law Proceedings (2002) 219; T. Buergenthal, ‘Proliferation of International Courts and Tribunals: Is It Good or Is It Bad?’, 14 Leiden Journal of International Law (2001) 267; H. Thirlway (Proliferation), supra note 30; D. Praeger, ‘The Proliferation of International Judicial Organs: The Role of the International Court of Justice’, in Blokker and Schermers (Proliferation of International Organizations), supra note 30, at 279–95; P.C. Szasz, ‘The Proliferation of Administrative Tribunals’, in Blokker and Schermers (Proliferation of International Organizations), supra note 30, at 241–249; B. Kingsbury, ‘Is the Proliferation of International Courts and Tribunals a Systemic Problem?’, 31 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics (1999) 679; J. Charney, ‘The Impact on the International Legal System of the Growth of Interna tional Courts and Tribunals’, 31 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics (1999) 697; J. Charney, ‘Is International Law Threatened by Multiple International Tribunals?’, 271 Recueil des Cours (1998) 101; G. Hafner,’ should One Fear the Proliferation Mechanisms for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes?’, in L. Caflisch, Règlement Pacifique des différences entre états (1998) 25–41; L. Boisson de Chazournes, Multiplication des instances de règlement des différences: vers la promotion de la règle de droit (Zero Issue) Forum (1998) 14–16; R. Jennings, ‘The Proliferation of Adjudicatory Bodies: Dangers and Possible Answers’, in L. Boisson des Chazournes, ed., Implications of the Proliferation of International Adjudicatory Bodies for Dispute Resolution: Proceedings of a Forum Co-Sponsored by the ASIL and the HEI (1995) 2–7.
3. In recent years several authors have tried to perform comprehensive and elaborate cost/benefit analyses of whether proliferation is a “good thing” or not. Typically such analyses conclude that the benefits greatly outweigh the costs. For some notable ones, see Buergenthal (Good or Bad?), supra note 444; Charney (Impact), supra note 444; Charney (Is International Law Threatened), supra note 444; R. Higgins, ‘The ICJ, the ECJ and the Integrity of International Law’, 52 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (2003) 1; Societé Française pour le Droit International, La Juridictionnalisation du droit international: Colloque de Lille (2003); and the Editorial comments, 2 JICJ (2004) at 300 et seq.
4. Rosenne explains the necessity of the International Court of Justice on the grounds that “[since] the world organization already possessed executive, deliberative, and administrative organs, [it] would be incomplete unless it possessed a fully integrated judicial system of its own]rd; S. Rosenne, The World Court: What It Is and How It Works (1962) 36.
5. This idea dates back to the Kantian claim about the importance of international dispute settlement. See I. Kant, ‘Perpetual Peace’, in I. Kant, Political Writings (1991) 93, at 102–105.