1. See the interesting situation in Case C-424/97 Salomone Haim v. Kassenzahnärztliche Vereinigung Nordrhein [2000] ECR I-5123 where a Turkish dentist won recognition of his Turkish qualifications, arguing that he wished to provide dental services under the local German social security scheme for Turkish-speaking patients.
2. See the consolidated versions of: Council Directive 93/16/EC, OJ 1993 L165/1 (doctors); Council Directive 77/452/EEC, OJ 1977 176/1 (nurses); Council Directive 80/154/EEC, OJ 1980 L 33/1 (midwives); Council Directive 78/686/EEC, OJ 1978 L 233/1; Council Directive 85/433/EEC, OJ 1985 L 253/37 (pharmacists).
3. See the article by Helen Pidd and Rachel Wright, ‘13 hours, 1,200 miles and then NHS Polish locum starts work in Aberdeen’. This is a news item on a Polish doctor who commutes between Poznan in Poland and Aberdeen in Scotland on a fortnightly basis. The doctor can earn more per hour in Scotland than his monthly salary in Poland. Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/jan/15/nhs.health
4. Most obviously transplants, re-construction or cardiac surgery and new experimental techniques. See for example: Case C-444/05 Aikaterini Stamatelaki v. NPDD Organismos Asfaliseos Eleftheron Epangelmation (OAEE) [2007] ECR I-3185.
5. T. Hervey, ‘The Right to Seek Healthcare Abroad in the EU’, Cambridge Yearbook of European Law Vol. 9 (2007) p. 261 who argues that the implications of patient mobility are more imagined that real and that medical mobility is likely to be taken up by only a small segment of patients who have the means to pay for treatment abroad. Note in Watts (Case C-372/04 Watts [2006] ECR I-4325) the ECJ would not bring the claim for travel expenses when moving abroad for treatment within the scope of the free movement right. Official estimates on patient mobility are also conservative but evidence suggests that it may increase: R. Rosenmoller, M. McKee and R. Baeten, eds., Patient Mobility in the European Union Learning from Experience (Geneva, WHO 2006). A Eurobarometer Survey in 2007 revealed that 4% of interviewees had received medical treatment in another Member State in the last 12 months. Luxembourg contained the highest proportion of medical tourists (one in five) and people from Portugal, the UK and Ireland indicated that they would be most likely to travel to another member State for cheaper medical care. People from Bulgaria, Lativia and Hungary were least likely to travel abroad: Flash Eurobarometer, Cross-border Health Services in the EU, Analytical Report, May 2007. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl_210_en.pdf.