Abstract
AbstractThis study investigates the inertial stability properties and phase error of numerical time integration schemes in several widely-used ocean and atmospheric models. These schemes include the most widely used centered differencing (i.e., leapfrog scheme or the 3-time step scheme at n-1, n, n+1) and 2-time step (n, n+1) 1st-order Euler forward schemes, as well as 2nd-stage and 3rd- and 4th-stage Euler predictor-corrector (PC) schemes. Previous work has proved that the leapfrog scheme is neutrally stable with respect to the Coriolis force, with perfect inertial motion preservation, an amplification factor (AF) equal to unity, and a minor overestimation of the phase speed. The 1st-order Euler forward scheme, on the other hand, is known to be unconditionally inertially unstable since its AF is always greater than unity. In this study, it is shown that 3rd- and 4th-order predictor-corrector schemes 1) are inertially stable with weak damping if the Coriolis terms are equally split to n+1 (new value) and n (old value); and 2) introduce an artificial computational mode. The inevitable phase error associated with the Coriolis parameter is analyzed in depth for all numerical schemes. Some schemes (leapfrog and 2nd-stage PC schemes) overestimate the phase speed, while the others (1st-order Euler forward, 3rd- and 4th-stage PC schemes) underestimate it. To preserve phase speed as best as possible in a numerical model, alternating a scheme that overestimates the phase speed with a scheme that underestimates the phase speed is recommended. Considering all properties investigated, the leapfrog scheme is still highly recommended for a time integration scheme. As an example, a comparison between a leapfrog scheme and a 1st-order Euler forward scheme is presented to show that the leapfrog scheme reproduces much better vertical thermal stratification and circulation in the weakly-stratified Great Lakes.
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC