A thermogravimetric analysis of residual char formation by gilsonite-filled, polyfurfuryl alcohol composites: acid treatment of gilsonite

Abstract

AbstractGilsonite (GLS), a natural bitumen containing a considerable amount of asphaltenes, is expected to leave heavy char after pyrolysis; however, its high potential as an efficient filler to enhance the thermal properties of composite materials is surprisingly neglected throughout the literature. On the other hand, polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) has attracted much attention as a thermosetting resin due to its excellent char-leaving characteristics, the renewable nature of the monomer(s), and high accessibility at an affordable cost. This study aimed to investigate the thermal stability and char-forming performance of composites made of a PFA resin matrix filled with chemically modified GLS. To modify the ash and sulfur contents of GLS, the nitric acid leaching process was performed according to a D-optimal experimental design approach. The nitric acid concentration (10, 20, and 30 wt.%), treatment time (30, 75, and 120 min), and reaction temperature (30 °C, 50 °C, and 70 °C) were set as the input variables. The morphology (SEM), chemical structure (FTIR), thermal stability (TGA), sulfur content, and ash content of the GLS particles were characterized before and after acid treatment. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed the lowest ash content for GLS after treatment with 10 wt.% acid conc. at 75 °C for 75 min. The nitric acid concentration, reaction temperature, and time were the most influential parameters for improving the ash content of GLS according to their order of appearance. In addition, the inorganic form of sulfur, pyrite, was separated through the acid leaching process. Then, the PFA resin matrix was filled with modified GLS particles at different weight percentages (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.%) and cured in the presence of an acid catalyst. The thermal stability of the PFA resin was negatively affected by the presence of GLS, probably due to oxidation reactions and disruption of the integrity of the resin structure.