1. Cf. for example R. J. Langhammer and U. Hiemenz: Regional Integration among Developing Countries, Kieler Studien No. 232, Tübingen 1990; and Ricardo French-Davies: Economic Integration in Latin America, in: M. Urrutia et al. (eds.): Lessons in Development, A Comparative Study of Asia and Latin America, San Francisco 1989, pp. 157–180.
2. cf. R. J. Langhammer and U. Hiemenz, op. cit. Regional Integration among Developing Countries, Kieler Studien No. 232, Tübingen 1990.
3. Cf. W. Molle: The Economics of European Integration, Aldershot 1990, p. 99.
4. This has been empirically demonstrated for the two Latin American integrative groups of ALALC and the Andes Pact. Cf. J. C. Brada and J.A. Méndez: Economic Integration among Developed, Developing and Centrally Planned Economies: A Comparative Analysis, in: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 57, 1985, pp. 549–556.
5. Cf. M. Neumann: Theoretische Volkswirtschaftslehre, Vol, II, Munich 1982, p. 272.