Profiling of Sleep Models Based on Voluntary and Involuntary Sleep in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to generate the concept of voluntary sleep (V) and involuntary sleep (IV) in sleep, to build sleep models using them, and to profile by diabetes control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods We obtained 595 nights of sleep data from 50 participants. Participants measured sleep with the sleep meter HSL-101 (Omron Healthcare, Kyoto) and answered the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). They were operationally defined as V and IV. Results "V1: sleep self-determination" and "V2: conscious sleep quantity" were generated from voluntary sleep, and "IV1: continuous deep sleep" and "IV2: actual sleep quantity" were generated from involuntary sleep. Using cluster analysis, they were classified into three models, "CL1: sleep satisfaction model", "CL2: short sleep model", and "CL3: dissatisfaction sleep model". When the diabetes controls in each cluster were compared by ANOVA and Bonferroni's test, HbA1c was higher in the order of CL1, CL2, and CL3, and there was a significant difference between CL1 and CL3 (p = 0.029). Similarly, age was low in the same order and BMI was high in the same order, with a significant difference between CL1 and CL3 (p = 0.030, 0.037). Conclusions Sleep in adults with type 2 diabetes could be clustered into three models based on V and IV, each of which could be profiled by a significantly characteristic diabetes control index. It will be possible to identify the patient's sleep model from the diabetes control and appropriately approach voluntary sleep and involuntary sleep.