1. • Inturrisi CE, Lipman AG. Opioid analgesics. In: Fishman SM, Ballantyne JC, Rathmell JP, editors. Bonica’s management of pain. 4th ed. Baltimore and Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. p. 1172–87. This chapter is a good review of pathophysiology of pain receptors and active sites of action.
2. Wang JK, Nauss LA, Thomas JE. Pain relief by intrathecally applied morphine in man. Anesthesiology. 1979;50:149–51.
3. •• Osenbach RK. Intrathecal drug delivery in the management of pain. In: Fishman SM, Ballantyne JC, Rathmell JP, editors. Bonica’s management of pain, 4th ed. Baltimore and Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. p. 1437–58. This chapter is comprehensive of current clinic practice using intrathecal medications for severe, intractable pain.
4. • Deer TR. Intrathecal drug delivery: overview of the proper use of infusion agents. In: Benzon HT, Rathmell JP, Wu CL, Turk DC, Argoff CE, editors. Raj’s practical management of pain, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby; 2008. p. 945–54. This chapter is a helpful “how to” describing the process of intrathecal drug delivery systems.
5. Smith TJ, Staats PS, Deer T, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an implantable drug delivery system compared with comprehensive medical management for refractory cancer pain: impact on pain, drug-related toxicity and survival. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:4040–9.