Mass-time equivalence in dynamic equilibrium systems

Abstract

AbstractThe truth of time has been debated for more than two centuries. Scientists like Leibniz, Einstein, Rowley, Wheeler and DeWitt believe that it is the result of change in the world and is not original. According to our research, only Einstein introduced the law of space–time and showed that time is woven in space (general relativity), but no one (at least in classical physics) explained the relationship between time and changes in the world (mass and energy). has not provided In the rest of the references, only mathematical and theoretical topics are presented. In kinetic experiments (in various scientific fields), time is used as a variable to plot kinetic curves. This choice is neither scientific nor based on principled modeling. For this reason, kinetic models are presented experimentally. The aim of this research is (1) to introduce the "dynamic mass (∂Mout/∂Min)" equation as a platform for mass-based modeling in open systems. (2) Introducing the relationship between mass (m) and time (t) or mass-time equivalence in mass flows (mass conversion or mass transfer system). (3) Expansion of time relativity in mass-mass systems. To achieve the objectives of the study, the equation "dynamic mass (∂M/∂M)" based on the law of conservation of mass has been introduced for the first time. Then, using the dynamic mass equation, the absorption model was presented in two mass forms (mass-mass curve) and time (mass-time curve). Then, using Fe2+, Pb2+, Cr6+, Ni2+, Cd2+and As2+ elements and Jacobi activated carbon, Iranian activated carbon, and blowy sand adsorbents, routine kinetic and isotherm tests were performed separately. To evaluate the absorption model, three methods were used: (1) evaluation by evaluation indices (R2 and RMSE) and (2) comparison of the "temporal form of the model" with the kinetic models of absorption (Lagergren and Ho et al.) and (3) comparison of the "mass form of the model" with Shammahmadi adsorption isotherm model.