Local bone quality measure and construct failure prediction: a biomechanical study on distal femur fractures

Abstract

Abstract Introduction The aim of this investigation was to better understand the differences in local bone quality at the distal femur and their correlation with biomechanical construct failure, with the intention to identify regions of importance to optimize implant anchorage. Materials and methods Seven fresh–frozen female femurs underwent high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) to determine bone mineral density (BMD) within three different regions of interest (distal, intermedium, and proximal) at the distal femur. In addition, local bone quality was assessed by measuring the peak torque necessary to break out the trabecular bone along each separate hole of a locking compression plate (LCP) during its instrumentation. Finally, biomechanical testing was performed using cyclic axial loading until failure in an AO/OTA 33 A3 fracture model. Results Local BMD was highest in the distal region. This was confirmed by the measurement of local bone quality using DensiProbe™. The most distal holes represented locations with the highest breakaway torque resistance, with the holes on the posterior side of the plate indicating higher values than those on its anterior side. We demonstrated strong correlation between the cycles to failure and local bone strength (measured with DensiProbe™) in the most distal posterior screw hole, having the highest peak torque. Conclusion The local bone quality at the distal femur indicates that in plated distal femur fractures the distal posterior screw holes seem to be the key ones and should be occupied. Measurement of the local bone strength with DensiProbe™ is one possibility to determine the risk of construct failure, therefore, thresholds need to be defined.