1. J. B. S. Haldane, “What Is Life,” in Keeping Cool and Other Essays (London: Chatto and Windus, 1940), p. 48.
2. John Farley, The Spontaneous Generation Controversy from Descartes to Oparin (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), pp. 151–187.
3. Harmke Kamminga, “The Protoplasm and the Gene,” in Clay Minerals and the Origins of Life, ed. G. Cairns-Smith and H. Hartman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), pp. 1–10. See also idem, “Historical Perspective: The Problem of the Origin of Life in the Context of Developments in Biology,” Orig. Life Evol. Biosph., 18 (1988), 1–11.
4. Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species (London: John Murray, 1859; reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), pp. 483–484, 490; Louis Pasteur, “Memoir on the Organized Corpuscules Which Exist in the Atmosphere: An Examination of the Doctrine of Spontaneous Generation,” trans. Mordecai L. Gabriel, in Great Experiments in Biology, ed. Mordecai L. Gabriel and Seymour Fogel (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1955), pp. 110–118 (originally published in Ann. Chim. Phys., 64 [1862], 1–110).
5. Thomas Henry Huxley, On the Physical Basis of Life, 2nd American ed. (New Haven: Charles C. Chatfield, 1870), pp. 19, 23–24.