1. Malyn Newitt: Portugal in Africa — The Last Hundred Years. London 1981, S. 24–43.
2. Barry Munslow: Mozambique: the Revolution and its Origins. London/New York/Lagos 1983
3. Allen Isaacman/Barbara Isaacman: Mozambique — From Colonialism to Revolution. 1900–1982. Boulder 1983.
4. Ronald H. Chilcote: Portuguese Africa. Englewood Cliffs 1967, S. 11.
5. Margaret Hall/Tom Young: Confronting Leviathan — Mozambique since Independence. London 1997, S. 4.