1. See p. 6, G.D. Jaynes and R.M. Williams, Jr., eds.,A Common Destiny: Blacks and American Society (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989).
2. See p. 198, “Rural Sociological Society Task Force on Persistent Rural Poverty,”Persistent Poverty in Rural America (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993).
3. Throughout this article, the terms rural and nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) are used interchangeably to refer to areas outside of Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs), and the terms urban and metropolitan (metro) are used interchangeably to refer to MSAs. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,Poverty in the United States, 1992, Series P-60, No. 185 (September 1993).
4. See p. 14, Bonnie C. Bedics, “The History and Context of Rural Poverty,”Human Services in the Rural Environment, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Spring/Summer 1987), pp. 12–14.
5. Leif Jensen, “The Doubly Jeopardized: Nonmetropolitan Blacks and Mexicans,” in Cornelia B. Flora and James A. Christenson, eds.Rural Policies for the 1990s (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991).