1. Berliner JA, Navab M, Fogelman AM, et al. Atherosclerosis: basic mechanisms. Oxidation, inflammation, and genetics. Circulation. 1995;91:2488–96.
2. Stone NJ, Robinson J, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013. The most recent US guidelines from the ACC/AHA for management of LDL-related risk are substantively different from previous recommendations of the National Cholesterol Education Program: Adult Treatment Panel III. Based on a systematic review of available evidence experts have identified four statin-benefit groups. The ACC/AHA panel makes no recommendations for goals of therapy and has suggested limited monitoring of LDL-C. In primary prevention patients, the newly-derived CV Risk Calculator is incorporated for ASCVD risk assessment.
3. National Cholesterol Education Program. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III): final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3149–421.
4. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110:227–39.
5. Goff DC Jr., Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013. The new CV Risk Calculator is the recommended risk assessment tool in the 2013 ACC/AHA blood cholesterol guidelines. Validated in five US populations, the pooled risk equations provide sex- and race-specific estimates of the 10-year risk of ASCVD for African-American and White men and women 40 to 79 years of age.