1. Anderson, C.E.: 1940. Some studies on the floral anatomy of the Liliales. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation. Ithaca, New York: Cornell Univ.
2. Bentham, G., Hooker, J.D.: 1883. Genera Plantarum, Vol. 3. London: Reeve; Williams & Norgate.
3. Berg, R.Y.: 1958. Seed dispersal, morphology, and phylogeny of Trillium. Skr. Nor. Vidensk.-Akad. Oslo. I. Mat.-Naturvidensk. Kl. no. 1: 1–36.
4. Berg, R.Y.: 1962. Contribution to the comparative embryology of the Liliaceae: Scoliopus, Trillium, Paris, and Medeola. Skr. Nor. Vidensk.-Akad. Oslo I. Mat.-Naturvidensk. Kl. Ny Ser. no. 4: 1–64.
5. Chase, M.W. et al. 1995. See general references.