1. See, e.g., United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, The Tripsagreement Anddeveloping Countries 18 (1996).
2. The U.S. government has stated that: apart from stimulating innovation, however, a strong IPR regime—particularly a strong patent regime—can also produce other benefits for countries, regardless of whether the countries are developed or developing. For example, countries that have strong patent regimes are more effective in attracting investments and market entry by innovative companies. The reasons for this are fairly simple—patents provide a greater capacity for the innovator to compete based on the innovation. If the innovator cannot use the innovation to provide a market advantage, there is a disincentive to enter the market, particularly where others in that market can charge lower prices because they do not need to recover the costs of research and development, nor invest in new research and development. TRIPS Council, Special Discussion on Intellectual Property and Access to Medicines, IP/C/M/31, at 35 (July 10, 2001).
3. See, e.g., Keith Maskus, Intellectual Property Rights in the Global Economy 87–141 (2000).
4. United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report 67 (1999).
5. F. M. Scherer, The Innovation Lottery, in Expanding the Boundaries of Intellectual Property. Innovation Policy for the Knowledge Society 15, 21 (Rochelle Dreyfuss, Diane Zimmerman, and Harry First eds. 2001).