1. Abou-El-Haj, R. (1991). Formation of the modern state: The ottoman empire, sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. Albany: SUNY Press.
2. Ahmad, A. (1985). Class, nation, and state: Intermediate classes in peripheral societies. In D. L. Johnson (Ed.), Middle classes in dependent countries (pp. 43–65). London: Sage Publications.
3. Al-Khafaji, I. (2004). Tormented births: Passages to modernity in Europe and the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris.
4. Amin, S. (1978). The Arab nation: Nationalism and class struggle. London: Zed Press.
5. Amin, S. (2009). Eurocentrism. New York: Monthly Review Press.